【顶级期刊创业研究速递】ETP 2019年第4期中英文摘要
Who Goes Freelance? The Determinants of Self-Employment for Artists
谁会从事自由职业？艺术家自我雇佣的决定因素
作者：
Joanna Woronkowicz1 and Douglas S. Noonan2
1 School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
2 School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
摘要：
本研究考察了艺术家的自我雇佣行为。使用2003年至2015年的当代人口调查的数据，我们估计了一系列logit模型，以预测艺术家从付薪就业到自我雇佣的转变。结果表明，与其他所有专业工作者相比，艺术家不成比例地从事自由职业并且频繁地进入和退出自我雇佣。我们还发现艺术家展示了独特的创业特征，特别是在人口统计和就业特征方面。特别的，艺术家生活在艺术家职业饱和度高的城市中更有可能从事自我雇佣。
This study examines the self-employment behavior of artists. Using data from the Current Population Survey between 2003 and 2015, we estimate a series of logit models to predict transitions from paid employment to self-employment in the arts. The results show that artists disproportionately freelance and frequently switch in and out of self-employment compared to all other professional workers. We also find that artists exhibit unique entrepreneurial profiles, particularly in terms of their demographic and employment characteristics. In particular, artist workers are considerably more likely to attain self-employment status when living in a city with a high saturation of artist occupations.
Do Corporate Investors Affect Entrepreneurs’ IP Portfolio Entrepreneurial Finance and Intellectual Property in New Firms
公司投资者影响创业者的IP组合吗？创业融资与新创企业的知识产权
作者：
Ikenna Uzuegbunam1, Brandon Ofem2, and Satish Nambisan3
1Department of Management, College of Business, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
2College of Business Administration, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
3Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
摘要：
本研究调查了公司风险投资（CVC）资金对新公司后续知识产权（IP）绩效（即专利，版权和商标）的影响。中心假设是公司风险投资融资会鼓励以技术为中心的IP，而不鼓励以市场为中心的IP的研发绩效。特别的，公司风险投资需要进行权衡，这将增加后期专利/版权产出，同时减少新公司的后期商标产出。对美国新公司的多行业样本进行分析的结果为本研究论文提供了广泛的支持，并表明CVC资金的影响取决于创业者的行业特定经验。
This study investigates the impact of corporate venture capital (CVC) funding on new firms’ subsequent intellectual property (IP) outcomes (i.e., patents, copyrights, and trademarks). The central premise is that CVC funding will encourage the development of technology-centric IP outcomes while dissuading the development of market-centric IP outcomes. Specifically, CVC investments entail a trade-off, which will increase post-funding patent/copyright output while decreasing post-funding trademark output in new firms. Findings from an analysis of a multiindustry sample of U.S. new firms provide broad support for this study thesis and suggest that the impact of CVC funding is contingent on entrepreneurs’ industry-specific experience.
Relocation to Get Venture Capital: A Resource Dependence Perspective
重新获得风险投资：资源依赖视角
作者：
Sofie De Prijcker1, Sophie Manigart2,3, Veroniek Collewaert4,5, and Tom Vanacker2,3
1Department of Financial Management, KU Leuven, Campus Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
2Department of Accounting, Corporate Finance and Taxation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
3Area Accounting and Finance, Vlerick Business School, Ghent, Belgium
4Area Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy, Vlerick Business School, Ghent, Belgium
5Department of Managerial Economics, Strategy and Innovation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
摘要：
使用资源依赖理论视角，我们理论化并表明与在VC拥有更多可获得性的州建立的企业相比，在风险资本（VC）可获得性较低的美国州成立的非风险资本支持企业更有可能搬迁到加利福尼亚州（CA）或马萨诸塞州（MA）——这两个州风险投资资源最为丰富。此外，控制了自我选择，重新搬迁到CA或MA的企业后续比原本就在其所在州的企业更有可能吸引初始VC。我们讨论了对理论，未来研究和实践的影响。
Using a resource dependence perspective, we theorize and show that non-venture-capital-backed ventures founded in U.S. states with a lower availability of venture capital (VC) are more likely to relocate to California (CA) or Massachusetts (MA)—the two VC-richest states—compared to ventures founded in states with a greater availability of VC. Moreover, controlling for self-selection, ventures that relocate to CA or MA subsequently have a greater probability of attracting initial VC compared to ventures that stay in their home state. We discuss the implications for theory, future research, and practice.
Necessity or Opportunity: The Effects of State Fragility and Economic Development on Entrepreneurial Efforts
生存型还是机会型：国家脆弱性和经济发展对创业努力的影响
作者：
Jose´ Ernesto Amoro´ s1,3, Luciano Ciravegna2, Vesna Mandakovic3, and Pekka Stenholm4
1EGADE Business School, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Mexico City, Mexico
2King’s College, University of London, Department of International Development, UK; and INCAE, Costa Rica
3Universidad del Desarrollo, School of Business and Economics, Santiago, Chile
4University of Turku, Entrepreneurship Unit, Turku School of Economics, Turku, Finland
摘要：
本文研究了国家脆弱性和经济发展对生存型和机会型的个人创业努力的影响。我们通过考察2005 - 2013年期间来自51个国家的956,925名个人的多层次数据，为关于创业情境决定因素的文献做出贡献。我们表明，国家脆弱性对基于生存型的创业努力产生了积极影响，同时阻碍了机会型的创业努力。我们的发现表明经济发展水平缓和了国家脆弱性和生存型驱动的创业努力之间的关系，降低了后者的可能性。我们讨论了理论和创业政策的启示。
This paper studies the effects of state fragility and economic development on necessity and opportunity-based individual entrepreneurial efforts. We contribute to the literature on the contextual determinants of entrepreneurship by examining multilevel data on 956,925 individuals from 51 countries for the period of 2005–2013. We show that state fragility has a positive effect on necessity-based entrepreneurial efforts while hindering opportunity-based efforts. Our findings illustrate that the level of economic development moderates the relationship between state fragility and necessity-driven entrepreneurial efforts reducing the likelihood of the latter. We discuss the implications for theory and for proentrepreneurship policy.
Entrepreneurial Orientation Rhetoric in Franchise Organizations: The Impact of National Culture
特许经营组织中的创业导向修辞：国家文化的影响
作者：
Anna Watson1, Olufunmilola (Lola) Dada2, Owen Wright3, and Rozenn Perrigot4
1Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
2Department of Entrepreneurship, Strategy and Innovation; Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
3Griffith Business School, Nathan campus, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
4Graduate School of Management, IGR-IAE Rennes and CREM UMR CNRS 6211, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
摘要：
本研究考察了国家文化在特许经营者招聘宣传材料中所包含的创业导向（EO）修辞中的作用，其中EO修辞被定义为组织叙事中词汇的战略用途，以传达风险承担，创新，主动性，自主性和 公司的竞争激进。该样本包括378个特许经营组织，分布在五个不同的国家（澳大利亚，法国，印度，南非和英国）。结果表明，在高度避免不确定性和女性文化中运作的特许经营体系使用较少的创业导向修辞，这表明特许经营组织中的EO修辞因不同的国家文化背景而异。
This study examines the role of national culture on the entrepreneurial orientation (EO) rhetoric contained within franchisee recruitment promotional materials, where EO rhetoric is defined as the strategic use of words in organizational narratives to convey the risk taking, innovativeness, proactiveness, autonomy, and competitive aggressiveness of the firm. The sample comprised 378 franchise organizations, in five different countries (Australia, France, India, South Africa, and the UK). The results indicate that franchise systems operating in high uncertainty avoidance and feminine cultures use less entrepreneurially oriented rhetoric, suggesting that EO rhetoric in franchise organizations varies according to different national cultural contexts.
How Angel Know-How Shapes Ownership Sharing in Stage-Based Contracts
天使投资人专有技术知识如何影响基于阶段性合约的所有权分配
作者：
S. Sinan Erzurumlu1, Nitin Joglekar2, Moren Le´vesque3, and Fehmi Tanrisever4
1Olin School of Business, Babson College, Babson Park, MA, USA
2Questrom School of Business, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
3Schulich School of Business, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
4Faculty of Business Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
摘要：
我们利用管家理论正式推导出商业前景中投资金额的边界，以及当投资者提供两阶段融资时拥有提高潜在客户估值的专有技术知识时的所有权分配特征。在早期发展阶段，研究表明投资者专有技术知识的直接影响增加了创业者的份额，而由于其与投资规模相互作用的知识间接影响减少了该份额。在随后的成长阶段，该直接影响会降低创业者的份额，而间接影响会增加创业者的份额。这些权衡为撰写涉及投资者专有技术知识的投资合同提供了理论和实践意义。
We draw upon stewardship theory to formally derive bounds on the investment amount in a business prospect, and to characterize ownership sharing when investors offer two-stage financing along with know-how to increase the prospect’s valuation. In the early-development stage, we show that the direct effect of investor know-how increases the entrepreneur’s share while the indirect effect from that know-how due to its interaction with the investment size, decreases it. In the subsequent growth stage, the direct effect decreases the entrepreneur’s share while the indirect effect increases it. These tradeoffs offer theoretical and practical implications for writing investment contracts involving investor know-how.
Barbarians at the Gate of the Middle Kingdom: The International Mobility of Financing Contract and Governance
中国之门的野蛮人：融资合同和治理的国际流动性
作者：
Victor Zitian Chen, PhD1 and Sunny Li Sun, PhD2
1Belk College of Business, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
2Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
摘要：
着眼于股权投资实践，本文研究中国私募股权行业中外国私募股权投资者如何在外国融资合同和治理合法化和合法化过程中与当地代理商进行互动，该领域还未得到充分研究。基于中国的七个案例，我们提出了一个高度模糊的新兴领域的国际制度创业的三阶段微观过程模型：制定激励愿景以促进新的实践；早期采用当地非主流代理人，从各种制度逻辑来源获得合法性；和主导主流采用者寻求法律保护以维持其利益。我们的理论扩展了关于公司治理和制度创业跨境转移的兴起讨论。
Focusing on equity ratchet as a practice, we study how foreign private equity (PE) investors interacted with local agents in the process of legitimation and legalization of foreign financing contract and governance in the Chinese PE industry, while it was underdeveloped. Based on seven cases in China, we propose a three-stage microprocess model of international institutional entrepreneurship in an emerging field with high ambiguity: framing a motivational vision to promote a new practice; early adoption by local nonmainstream agents who gain legitimacy from diverse sources of institutional logic; and dominant mainstream adopters seeking legal protection to sustain their benefits. Our theory extends the emerging discussion on the transfer of corporate governance and institutional entrepreneurship across borders.
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作者：刘志阳，教授，博士生导师，系上海财经大学商学院副院长、创业学院执行副院长、中国社会创业研究中心主任
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